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In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a. Serial technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of.

There are two ways to transfer data between computers: Serial Transmission and Parallel Transmission. Serial Transmission Data is sent bit by bit from one computer to another in two directions. Each bit has a clock pulse rate. Eight bits are transmitted at a time with a start and stop bit known as a parity bit, which is 0 and 1 respectively. Data cables are used when transmitting data to a longer distance. The data cable has D-shaped 9 pin cable that connects the data in series. Categories of Serial Transmission Asynchronous transmission – an extra bit is added to each byte to alert the receiver on the arrival of new data.

0 is used as a start bit while 1 used as a stop bit. Synchronous transmission – no extra bit is added to each byte. Data is transferred in batches which contains multiple bytes. Parallel Transmission Several bits are transmitted together simultaneously with one clock pulse rate. It transmits quickly as it utilizes several input and output lines for sending the data. It uses a 25-pin port with 17 signal lines and 8 ground lines. The 17 signal lines are divided as • 4 lines – initiates handshaking • 5 lines – communicates and notifies errors • 8 lines – transfers data Applications Serial transmission occurs between two computers or from a computer to an external device located some distance away.

Parallel transmission can take place within a computer system, through a computer bus or to an external device located a close distance away. Examples An example of serial mode transmission include connection between a computer and a modem using the RS-232 protocol. An RS-232 cable can accommodate 25 wires, but only two of these wires are for data transmission, the rest are for overhead control signaling. The two data wires run on simple serial transmission in either direction.

In this example, a computer may be far from the modem, making parallel transmission very expensive. With this, speed of transmission is considered less important compared to the economic advantage of serial transmission. An example of parallel mode transmission include connection between a computer and a printer. Most printers are within 6 meters or 20 feet from the transmitting computer and the slight cost for extra wires is offset by the added speed gained through parallel transmission of data. Comparison between Serial and Parallel Transmission Basis for Comparison Serial Transmission Parallel Transmission Definition Data flows in 2 directions, bit by bit Data flows in multiple directions, 8 bits (1 byte) at a time Cost Economical Expensive Number of bits transferred per clock pulse 1 bit 8 bits or 1 byte Speed Slow Fast Applications Used for long distance communication Used for short distance communication Example Computer to computer Computer to printer Differences between Serial and Parallel Transmission • Serial transmission requires a single line to send data. Parallel transmission requires multiple lines to send data.

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• There are less errors and noise in serial transmission since transmission is done one bit at a time. There are more errors and noise in parallel transmission since transmission is done multiple bits at a time. • Serial transmission is slower since data flows through a single line. Parallel transmission is faster since data flows through multiple lines. • Serial transmission is full duplex since the sender can send and receive data. Parallel transmission is half duplex since the data can be sent or received at a time.

• The cables used in serial transmission are thinner, longer and economical as compared to the cables used in parallel transmission. • Serial transmission is reliable and straightforward. Parallel transmission is unreliable and complicated. Both serial and parallel transmissions have advantages and disadvantages.