By Marcella Piper-Terry, M.S., founder of VaxTruth This article presents an overview of the history of infectious disease in the United States as it relates to the development of U.S. Policy regarding mandatory vaccination in general, and the requirement that children must be vaccinated prior to attendance in school. History of Smallpox Examination of the establishment of the United States’ policies on vaccination begins with the devastation caused by a single infectious disease: smallpox. Smallpox appears to have been endemic in many countries throughout the world, dating back to ancient history (1).

Smallpox is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit from China (1122 BC), and the mummified remains of Ramses V bears scars suggesting the Egyptian pharaoh’s death in 1156 BC may have resulted from smallpox (2). Smallpox epidemics were responsible for bringing about the end of at least three empires (3) and its potential for use as a biological weapon dates back to the French-Indian War (1754-1767) when a British commander suggested using the virus to reduce the Indian population (4). Al bayan by javed ghamidi pdf free download. Smallpox was first brought to the New World by conquistadors from Spain and Portugal, and later by European settlers to the northeastern coast of North America.

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The virus had devastating effects on populations of Native Americans, including the Inca and Aztec tribes. The slave trade contributed to the incidence of smallpox in America because the disease was endemic in many of the regions of Africa from which slaves were captured (2). Smallpox is not easily spread through casual contact (5), but conditions of overcrowding and poor sanitation contributed to epidemics in the Northeast during the 1890s and into the early 1900s (6). Estimates of the virulence of smallpox vary widely, and appear to be related to particular populations and environmental conditions of the time.

Throughout the course of history, it is estimated that approximately 30% of those who contracted the virus died from it (7), though estimates of mortality rates range from 12% (6) to as high as 60% (3). Recovery from smallpox granted lifelong immunity, but survivors were often left with disfiguring scars that were especially prominent on the face. Many people were rendered blind by smallpox due to scarring of the cornea (7).

History of Vaccination The history of vaccination begins with attempts to reduce the number of people who died as a result of smallpox infection (3, 8). The process of inducing immunity to a disease by exposing a non-immune person to the virus that causes it began centuries ago and was known as “inoculation” (2). Inoculation against smallpox involved using a knife, lancet, or scalpel to make a cut in the arm or leg of the patient and then transferring biological matter taken directly from the oozing pustule of an infected person (9).

This process, called arm-to-arm inoculation, resulted in the inoculated person developing a form of the illness, but the course tended to be shorter in duration and milder in symptoms. Some people died as a result of inoculation, but those who recovered were immune to smallpox for life (2). As the incidence of smallpox increased in North America during the 1700s, inoculation (or variolation, as the procedure had come to be known) against the virus became more widely used (2). Two of the most well-known proponents of variolation were Rev. Cotton Mather and Dr. Zabdiel Boylston. Mather and Boylston performed and promoted the procedure among the citizens of New England, beginning in 1721 (1).

Their activities were well-received by some but many people were suspicious of the practice and believed variolation was as dangerous as contracting smallpox naturally. Using statistical analysis to compare the death rate among the approximately 6,000 citizens of Boston who contracted smallpox during the 1721 epidemic, Mather and Boylston demonstrated that among those who were variolated the death rate was 2%. Among those who contracted the naturally-occurring form of smallpox, the death rate was 14%. (2) The success of Mather and Boylston’s use of variolation in New England led to wider acceptance of the process in Europe, where smallpox had resulted in the deaths of more than a few young members of the ruling class (2). Variolation grew in popularity and was practiced widely among the European aristocracy during the mid-to-late 18 th century. However, despite the success and popularity of the procedure, there were well-founded concerns about safety, due to the number of people who developed not only smallpox, but other blood-borne diseases including syphilis and tuberculosis as a result of undergoing variolation (2). In the late 1700s, a young English physician named Edward Jenner began experimenting with using cowpox virus to inoculate humans against smallpox (8).

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